What does splitting refer to in Object Relations Theory?

In Object Relations Theory, splitting refers to the cognitive distortion where individuals perceive others or themselves in simplistic, polarized terms, categorizing them as entirely good or entirely bad. This phenomenon often arises from early developmental experiences and can be a defense mechanism to cope with overwhelming emotions or anxiety. By dividing experiences or individuals into two stark categories, a person may feel a sense of emotional safety or certainty in relationships, albeit at the cost of a nuanced understanding of others’ complexities.

This perspective helps to illustrate certain behavioral patterns, particularly in those struggling with interpersonal relationships, as they may fluctuate between idealizing someone one moment and devaluing them the next. This black-and-white thinking can impact an individual's ability to form stable, mature relationships since it prevents a balanced reconciliation of positive and negative traits in themselves or others. In contrast, the other options propose a more integrated or complex understanding of emotions and relationships, which does not align with the concept of splitting.