What does "individuation" refer to according to Margaret Mahler?

Individuation, as defined by Margaret Mahler, refers to the process of recognizing the individual existence of self and others. This concept is central to Mahler's theories on child development, particularly in her work exploring the separateness and connectedness that children experience as they grow. Through this process, children learn to differentiate themselves from their primary caregivers.

Recognizing oneself as a distinct individual with separate thoughts, feelings, and needs is a significant developmental milestone. It sets the foundation for interpersonal relationships and the ability to form a stable identity. By establishing this recognition, individuals can navigate their social environments more effectively, promoting emotional well-being and the ability to relate to others who are equally recognized as separate entities.

While the other options touch on important aspects of development, they do not encapsulate the core essence of "individuation" as Mahler described it. Learning new coping strategies and developing emotional resilience are indeed valuable processes, but they are more related to emotional intelligence and adaptive functioning rather than the fundamental recognition of self and others inherent in individuation. Achieving a sense of independence from caregivers is a consequence of successful individuation, but it does not fully encompass the concept of recognizing individual existence, which is at the heart of Mahler's theory.