According to communications theory, communication includes which two levels?

In communications theory, the concept of surface and metacommunication is essential for understanding the different dimensions of how messages are conveyed and interpreted. Surface communication refers to the overt or literal content of a message—the words, phrases, and sentences that are directly stated. This is the aspect of communication that most people focus on when discussing what has been said or written.

Metacommunication, on the other hand, encompasses the underlying meanings, context, and non-verbal cues that inform the way surface communication is received. It includes aspects such as tone of voice, body language, and the relational dynamics at play between communicators. For instance, the way something is said can greatly influence its meaning and the response it elicits, often providing deeper insight into the emotional and relational context.

Understanding that there are these two levels within communication allows practitioners to better navigate interpersonal dynamics, especially in therapeutic settings. By accessing both surface and metacommunication, therapists can uncover issues beyond the immediate content of conversations, thereby facilitating more effective communication and understanding between individuals. This dual-level approach is crucial in marital and family therapy, where subtle cues often carry significant importance in understanding familial relationships and dynamics.